ABSTRACT
Conventional approaches to dog behaviour overlook a critical neurobiological element in impulse control: the “state of flux.” This concept, absent from established models like fight, flight, or freeze, represents a crucial pause between impulsive reactions and potential reflection, offering an opportunity for cognitive engagement and sustained behavioural change, particularly in dogs with trauma histories. Integrating insights from Polyvagal Theory, this paper emphasizes how uncertainty impacts emotional regulation within the autonomic nervous system (ANS), revealing new dimensions of impulse control often ignored in traditional models.
Reconceptualizing impulse control as a dynamic neurobiological spectrum highlights its dependence on glucose availability, dopamine pathways, and relational co-regulation. Within this framework, the Human-Led Canine Paralanguage Method (HLCPM) fosters two-way communication, facilitating deep neural repair essential for long-term recovery. Causal Loop Diagrams (CLDs) further illustrate the complex feedback loops that shape behaviour, identifying leverage points for effective intervention informed by both systems thinking and neurobiology.
By integrating the “state of flux” in acknowledging the role of uncertainty in emotional and physiological responses, and revealing the complex, multi-layered dynamics of impulse control, this article challenges the status quo and offers actionable insights for achieving comprehensive recovery.
SECTION 1: Challenging Traditional Views on Impulse Control
The recent podcast episode introduced new science on impulse control, exploring systems thinking, neurobiology, and a cue called ‘Something Better.’ But that’s just the start.
What if the current science on dog behaviour is missing critical elements that limit true behavioural recovery, with conventional training methods unintentionally perpetuating these gaps? This article redefines impulse control, not as a static skill for behaviour management, but as a complex neurobiological process that reshapes a dog’s brain—particularly in trauma cases.
Here’s why this perspective matters and how it challenges the status quo:
• Dog Buttons vs. True Dialogue: Dog “buttons” might be popular, but they represent only a one-way form of communication[1][2]. While effective for immediate needs, they fail to establish genuine two-way interaction [1]. This reliance can limit deeper co-regulation and multi-dimensional exchanges [2][3]. HLCPM fosters true dialogue that aligns communication with the dog’s neurobiological processes, addressing unmet needs more effectively[2-3].
• Impulse Control as a Spectrum: Conventional training treats impulse control as a binary trait, leading to oversimplified interventions. In reality, impulse control functions along a continuum, evolving from minimal control to full regulation [4]. This continuum challenges traditional methods by demonstrating that impulse control is driven by both bottom-up and top-down processes, each requiring tailored approaches [5-6]. The failure to recognize this complexity limits the effectiveness of training, particularly for dogs with trauma histories, where the nuanced interplay of neurobiological factors demands individualized interventions for meaningful recovery[6-9].
• The Overlooked State of Flux: Standard models focus on fight, flight, or freeze responses but overlook a critical state of flux—a momentary pause that can serve as a pivotal opportunity for reflection and change [10]. Identifying this state as part of the White Pathway introduces a new intervention point that can guide dogs towards more controlled responses [10].
• The Neurobiological Impact of Dopamine and Glucose: Dopamine and glucose aren’t just energy sources; they are vital components in impulse control and cognitive development [11]. Trauma redirects glucose toward survival, limiting availability for higher-level functions [12]. Similarly, dopamine’s influence on reward processing can significantly alter impulse control[13-14]. Understanding these mechanisms shifts focus from mere behaviour management to deeper neurobiological repair [28].
• Visualizing Complexity with Causal Loop Diagrams (CLDs): CLDs map out non-linear relationships that shape behaviour over time[15-16]. For traumatized dogs, this means seeing not just what triggers impulsivity, but how repeated stressors create self-reinforcing cycles of reactivity [16]. CLDs help identify hidden drivers, intervention leverage points, and long-term outcomes, making them indispensable tools for addressing complex behaviour holistically[16-19].
This concept offers a new and comprehensive look at impulse control through the lenses of systems thinking and neurobiology, challenging both scientific understanding and conventional methods in favour of a more integrated, effective approach.
SECTION 2: Impulse Control as a Core Aspect of Canine Behaviour
Impulse control is more than just a behavioural adjustment; it’s a neurobiological process that involves delaying immediate reactions to stimuli[20-21]. It plays a pivotal role in how dogs interact with their environment, form relationships, and maintain safety[22]. In its absence, a dog’s responses often become erratic, aggressive, or fear-driven[22]. Understanding impulse control through a systems lens emphasizes the complex interplay between neurological, emotional, and environmental factors[22].
The Dog Parent’s Role in Developing Impulse Control
Modern insights into canine neurobiology position caregivers as dog parents. A more modern interpretation then commonly referenced ‘owner’, and aligned with greater accountability as we deepen the science behind the dog’s neurobiological settings [23]. Adopters of dogs from rescues are active agents in their dog’s development, not merely instructors issuing commands, nor expecting sophisticated emotional support beyond a dogs capabilities. Dog parent are to be encouraged to create safe environments conducive to neurobiological repair and emotional stability, educate themselves in why and how to do this[24]. This shift acknowledges the role of a caregiver in developing, and even healing, a dog, to enable a valued cooperative family member[25-26].
Shifting the Burden: Buttons vs. True Dialogue
Dog “buttons” are a symptomatic solution, addressing immediate communication needs but failing to tackle the underlying root cause—true, two-way interaction. This reliance may stagnate relational co-regulation, limiting nuanced, multi-dimensional exchanges and the development of bi-directional dialogue [1-3]. Here, the Human-Led Canine Paralanguage Method (HLCPM) offers a more nuanced form of communication, using sensory-based cues like body language, vocal tone, and facial expressions to establish mutual understanding[2][27-31].
Here, the Human-Led Canine Paralanguage Method (HLCPM) offers a more nuanced form of communication, using sensory-based cues like body language, vocal tone, and facial expressions to establish mutual understanding[27].
Key Components of HLCPM in Impulse Control
HLCPM emphasizes non-verbal communication that aligns with a dog’s natural instincts. It engages multiple sensory channels, fostering attunement and neurobiological change, which are essential for impulse control
• Expressions, Posture, and Gestures: Dogs interpret human body language and facial expressions, responding to relaxed signals that communicate safety.
• Vocal Tone, Pitch, and Frequency: These elements help convey intention, calming dogs and guiding their behaviour.
• Routine Integration: Consistent rituals and structured routines build trust, reinforcing impulse control as dogs learn to rely on predictable cues.
Impulse Control Development Quadrant: Integrating Two-Way, Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processes
Impulse control can be visualized within the Impulse Control Development Quadrant, which illustrates the dynamic spectrum of control, ranging from minimal to full regulation[4, 5, 21]. This concept highlights both bottom-up and top-down processing, emphasizing their interdependence:
• Bottom-Up Processing: Managed by the limbic system (“Tom”), this process governs initial, instinctual reactions aimed at survival. In dogs lacking developed impulse control, bottom-up responses dominate, leading to impulsive behaviour.
• Top-Down Influence: This layer is activated through techniques like HLCPM, which help shift dogs from reactive responses to more reflective, deliberate behaviours. The prefrontal cortex (“Conrad”) facilitates this progression, enabling greater cognitive control and emotional regulation.
The quadrant demonstrates the spectrum, showing how interventions transition dogs from minimal control to greater self-regulation, guiding them through developmental pathways that integrate both processes.[32]
SECTION 2: The Benefits of Systems Thinking for Dog Parents
By adopting a systems approach, dog parents who adopt dogs with persistent chronic stress, are able to move beyond the simplistic “command and control” mindset, and conventional training methods that limit the dogs recovery, to one that navigates the an intricate network of factors as seen in the Biocoloured Framework illustration.
• Emotional Regulation: HLCPM helps dogs process emotions more effectively, reducing reactive behaviours found in flight, fight, or flee responses (see concept #2 in diagram below)[2][27-31].
• Building Trust and Connection: As dogs become calmer and more responsive to accepting guidance, the bond with their caregiver strengthens, promoting a deeper sense of trust [33].
• Mutual Learning and Adaptation: The parent becomes attuned to the dog’s signals, fostering a relational dialogue that supports co-regulation and mutual adjustment of emotional states (see concept #3 in diagram below)[34-35].
Neurological Insights on Impulse Control
Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of impulse control can help dog parents adapt their methods:
• Dopamine and Executive Function: Dopamine’s role in reward processing can significantly impact impulsivity[37]. Exercises like “Something Better” leverage dopamine release to enhance learning, reinforcing controlled responses[36]. Without dopamine, dogs struggle to shift from reactive to reflective behaviour and may have persistent Reactivity, meaning locked in immediate, limbic-driven responses, making change difficult [37-39].
• Glucose as Energy for Control: Glucose serves as a vital energy source for the brain, especially for the prefrontal cortex. Adequate glucose levels support sustained cognitive engagement [41]. Trauma shifts glucose towards immediate survival, reducing availability for impulse control, making dogs more reactive [40-42].
• The Role of the Prefrontal Cortex, Limbic System, and State of Flux: Prefrontal Cortex, Limbic System, and State of Flux: Impulse control involves Tom’s reactive impulses and Conrad’s reflective processing [43]. In uncertain environments, impulsivity can sometimes be advantageous, enabling a dog to make quick decisions that yield immediate benefits. However, in dogs with impaired prefrontal cortex development, impulsivity typically results in threat responses (fight, flight, or freeze)[44]. Here, the argument proposes that the ‘state of flux’ is advantageous in traumatized dogs, as it represents a pause that shifts behaviour from automatic reactions to potential conscious decision-making and a pivotal intervention point. In traumatized dogs, it may signal potential for neural repair and higher-order thinking, supported by theories like the polyvagal theory and co-regulation [45].
Practical Implications of Systems Thinking
• Adaptable Training: Recognize impulse control as evolving, shaped by diverse factors, allowing tailored approaches to suit each dog’s needs[46-48].
• Empowerment through Knowledge: Understanding the neurobiology behind impulse control shifts focus from behaviour management to fostering cognitive growth, meaning, by exploring the dynamics of neurotransmitter systems and brain regions involved in impulse control, researchers can develop interventions for dog professionals, who in turn, educate dog parents. Thus, the focus shifts to develop interventions that promote cognitive growth rather than just suppress impulsive behaviours [4][50] .
Challenges and Genetic Factors
For dogs with chronic stress, achieving impulse control demands targeted, long-term interventions [49]. Systems thinking provides flexible strategies that address both behavioural and neurological challenges.
Impulse Control as Recovery
In trauma cases, structured methods like HLCPM reshape neural pathways, transforming impulsive reactions into controlled responses. This positions impulse control as a key element in holistic recovery, nurturing both the brain and behaviour.
SECTION 3: Simplified CLD Introduction
Understanding impulse control through a Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) offers a powerful way to grasp the complexities of dog behaviour. Unlike linear cause-and-effect models, CLDs capture the interconnected nature of factors driving behaviour, making them essential tools for identifying and addressing complex issues like impulsivity.
Why CLDs Matter:
In the context of impulse control, CLDs reveal how different elements—such as environmental stressors, emotional states, and interventions like HLCPM—interact to either reinforce or balance behaviours. By mapping out these relationships, CLDs provide a visual story of why certain interventions work and how they contribute to a dog’s emotional recovery and behavioural improvement.
While this example presents a highly simplified CLD, the core dynamics highlight critical reinforcing and balancing loops that influence canine behaviour:
1. Reinforcing Loop R1: This loop shows how environmental stressors can escalate impulsive behaviours by amplifying the dog’s emotional state. Without intervention, these factors can create a cycle where stress increases impulsivity, making it harder for the dog to regulate reactions.
2. Balancing Loop B1: Here, the Human-Led Canine Paralanguage Method (HLCPM) acts as a stabilizing force, similar to a thermostat. By reducing impulsivity and calming emotional responses, HLCPM shifts behaviour from reactive to more controlled and measured responses.
Why CLDs Are Vital Tools for Behaviour Professionals:
Although this is a simplified example, it highlights how CLDs help both dog parents and professionals grasp the complexities behind canine behaviour. Key benefits include:
1. Visualization of Non-Linear Relationships: CLDs map out feedback loops that reinforce or balance behaviour over time. For dogs impacted by trauma, this means understanding not just what triggers impulsivity but how repeated stressors can create cycles that maintain heightened arousal and reactivity.
2. Revealing Hidden Drivers: CLDs clarify how seemingly unrelated variables—like environmental stressors—interact to sustain or mitigate impulsive behaviours. While this version does not include elements like glucose metabolism or the autonomic nervous system response, future layers could highlight these critical variables, moving the focus from symptomatic management to addressing deeper, interconnected factors.
3. Identification of Leverage Points for Intervention: In cases of persistent, trauma-related behaviours, it’s crucial to identify where to intervene effectively [17]. CLDs reveal where to disrupt maladaptive feedback loops, such as through co-regulation methods like HLCPM, which stabilizes emotional and physiological states, akin to a thermostat maintaining balance.
4. Anticipation of Long-Term Outcomes: Since CLDs model behaviour as a dynamic process rather than a static event, they help anticipate how interventions will evolve over time[18]. For example, applying HLCPM not only reduces immediate reactivity but gradually shifts the system toward a more reflective, stable state, potentially altering long-term neurological pathways.
5. Navigating Complexity Without Oversimplification: CLDs embrace the complexity of chronic behavioural issues, avoiding the pitfalls of linear interventions. They allow practitioners to present the nuances of trauma recovery in dogs, similar to working with trauma in humans, where neurobiological, emotional, and environmental interactions must be holistically addressed.
Next Steps:
CLDs provide a strategic view of how interventions like HLCPM can transform impulsive behaviours in dogs with chronic stress. By understanding these dynamics, dog parents and professionals are equipped to implement more tailored, strategic interventions that target the root causes, not just the symptoms.
Beyond HLCPM: A Foundation, Not the Full Solution
While the Human-Led Canine Paralanguage Method (HLCPM) provides a foundational approach, it’s important to clarify that this method alone is not comprehensive. HLCPM addresses a critical gap in standard methods applied to dogs with trauma histories. However, to fully support recovery, HLCPM should be integrated with a broader range of interventions.
This perspective highlights that, although HLCPM creates a vital starting point for neurological repair and emotional stabilization, the journey of recovery requires additional, context-specific strategies that may involve dietary support, targeted sensory therapies, and even medical interventions when necessary.
HLCPM thus represents a pivotal entry point in a more nuanced, layered approach to behaviour modification—especially for dogs dealing with complex, chronic stress.
Positioning Something Better Within HLCPM
The Something Better exercise, discussed in the podcast (Ep. 4 The New Science For Developing Impulse Control) exemplifies how HLCPM begins the process of redirecting impulsive responses toward co-regulation. While engaging in teaching Something Better effectively guides and shifts focus toward dog parent, the true impact lies within the broader context of HLCPM. This method ensures all experiential engagements between parent and dog are integrated with neurobiological support and environmental adaptations, addressing underlying factors rather than simply achieving compliance.
Cues like Something Better are not isolated fixes; many similar cues can help develop impulse control. However, without HLCPM’s holistic framework, these cues alone lack the depth needed for lasting change in traumatized dogs. HLCPM provides the critical interconnected approach that supports neural repair and emotional balance, ensuring cues serve as components of comprehensive behavioural recovery rather than endpoints.
SECTION 4: Real-World Application: Jersey’s Journey from Reactivity to Reflective Impulse Control
To demonstrate the practical impact of the Human-Led Canine Paralanguage Method (HLCPM) and systems thinking, let’s explore Jersey’s case—a dog with severe impulse control challenges rooted in past trauma.
Jersey’s Initial State: Navigating Between Red and Blue Pathways
When Jersey first entered Sparky’s care, his behaviour alternated between the Red and Blue Pathways—characterized by extreme reactivity, including intense barking, lunging, and freezing or disengagement during perceived threats. Jersey was classified as a Level 5 biter on the Dunbar scale, indicating multiple bites with persistent aggression. Even at home, he remained hypervigilant, constantly scanning for potential intruders through gaps in the backyard fence. His responses were fueled by chronic stress, a hyperactive limbic system (Tom), and an underdeveloped prefrontal cortex (Conrad), all of which are typical in dogs with severe impulse control issues.
Dog Parent’s Role: Accountability and Mastery of HLCPM
The adopter’s role was crucial to Jersey’s progress. Unlike traditional command-based approaches aimed at ‘good dog ownership,’ HLCPM demands active involvement, positioning the adopter as a true ‘dog parent.’ This role emphasizes full accountability and co-regulation, making it essential to Jersey’s development. Jersey’s parent took this role seriously, mastering paralanguage techniques like facial expressions, body posture, and vocal tone to better communicate with Jersey and create calming, supportive environments.
The dog parent also learned to identify the “White Pathway”—a state of flux indicating a brief pause before Jersey’s instinctual reactions. Recognizing this state allowed the parent to intervene before Jersey’s behaviour escalated into the Red Pathway. In one video shared during the podcast, viewers could see Jersey shifting from the White to the Red Pathway, going still before attempting to attack. Sparky’s timely intervention, grounded in HLCPM principles, not only prevented escalation but also reinforced Jersey’s developing impulse control. This was a pivotal moment in guiding the dog parent’s understanding of co-regulation and effective response.
Implementing HLCPM: Moving from Red to Green Pathways
The “Something Better” exercise was introduced within the HLCPM framework, encouraging Jersey to shift from reactive to more reflective responses. Unlike “Leave-It,” which demands compliance, “Something Better” promotes cognitive engagement, involving both bottom-up and top-down processing. Consistent application of HLCPM gradually transitioned Jersey from reactive outbursts to moments of reflection, shifting him from the Red and Blue Pathways toward the White Pathway. This state of flux served as a critical pause point, paving the way for movement into the Green Pathway—states of calm engagement.
Visualizing Jersey’s Progress through CLDs
Using the Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) from Section 3, Jersey’s behaviour initially aligned with Reinforcing Loop R1, where environmental stressors amplified his impulsivity. However, with the consistent application of HLCPM—represented by Balancing Loop B1—Jersey’s responses began to stabilize. Notably, Jersey started to enter a state of uncertainty or flux, which, on the surface, might appear problematic. Yet, at a neurological level, this state indicates progress; it represents a pause in automatic reactivity and an opportunity for cognitive engagement. This shift created a feedback loop akin to a thermostat, gradually transitioning Jersey’s behaviour from impulsivity to more controlled, measured responses.
The CLD highlights the critical role of Jersey’s dog parent, whose ability to recognize and respond to the White Pathway allowed for more effective interventions.
Long-Term Implications: Building Trust and Connection
Jersey’s case demonstrates how HLCPM can transform neural pathways, turning impulsive reactions into more thoughtful behaviour. The collaborative effort between Jersey and his dog parent wasn’t merely about controlling behaviour but about fostering trust and long-term recovery. As Jersey became more responsive, the bond with his adopter deepened—a testament to the power of systems thinking, co-regulation, and the dog parent’s active role in behaviour modification.
While Jersey’s progress underscores HLCPM’s effectiveness, it also emphasizes that the method is foundational, not comprehensive. Trauma recovery demands multi-faceted interventions, with HLCPM serving as the cornerstone for further growth and development.
SECTION 5 - Discussion
This paper offers a transformative perspective on impulse control in dogs, especially those with trauma histories. By introducing the White Pathway, it presents a new framework for understanding and addressing gaps in traditional behavioural models. The discussion emphasizes key concepts that redefine how we approach impulse control:
1. The Overlooked White Pathway as a Core Component
The White Pathway introduces a novel, adaptive state of uncertainty—absent in conventional models that focus solely on fight, flight, or freeze. This state represents a crucial intervention point, enabling a shift from reactive to reflective states. It serves not only as a behavioural marker but also as an opportunity for cognitive engagement, mirroring advancements in human trauma models where uncertainty acts as a precursor to potential neural growth.
2. Integrating Polyvagal Theory and Co-Regulation
By linking Polyvagal Theory to practical behavioural interventions, this approach bridges gaps in both animal and human behaviour science. It highlights how understanding autonomic states and co-regulation fosters recovery, with the White Pathway acting as a trigger for potential neural development and relational co-regulation.
3. Visualizing Complexity through Causal Loop Diagrams (CLDs)
The use of CLDs in illustrating impulse control dynamics is groundbreaking. It allows for a clearer understanding of how non-linear factors interact to shape behaviour. CLDs not only clarify the mechanics of the White Pathway but also reveal how reinforcing and balancing loops can be leveraged to achieve sustained behavioural change.
4. Biological Integration of Dopamine and Glucose
The roles of dopamine and glucose in impulse control are often overlooked in animal behaviour models. This paper links these neurobiological factors to behavioural recovery, offering a holistic, science-based framework for trauma-related behaviour in dogs.
5. Positioning Impulse Control as a Neurobiological Spectrum
This redefinition challenges traditional models, which treat impulse control as binary. Instead, it proposes a spectrum-based approach that acknowledges both bottom-up and top-down processes. This model facilitates tailored interventions based on each dog’s unique neurobiological state.
6. Practical Implications for Dog Parents and Professionals
The Human-Led Canine Paralanguage Method (HLCPM) emphasizes relational co-regulation and true dialogue. This method supports deeper neural repair and establishes two-way communication, fostering behavioural outcomes that go beyond compliance to achieve sustained recovery.
Conclusion and Call to Action
The insights presented in this article pave new pathways for advancing canine behavioural science, emphasizing an integrated approach that combines neurobiology, systems thinking, and relational co-regulation. As these concepts challenge conventional paradigms, they offer actionable steps for behaviour professionals, dog parents, and academics seeking deeper recovery for trauma-affected dogs.
Moving Forward – From Theory to Practice
The concepts outlined here transcend traditional behaviour management, presenting impulse control as a dynamic, multi-layered process that requires innovative approaches like HLCPM. Whether you are a dog parent, a canine professional, or an academic interested in exploring new science, the insights provided offer a path to more effective behaviour modification and lasting recovery.
For Dog Parents and Professionals: Join the HLCPM Course
If you’re ready to take the next step in understanding and applying these principles, consider enrolling in the HLCPM course. This comprehensive program offers in-depth techniques for impulse control, co-regulation, and emotional stabilization. Through step-by-step guidance, live demonstrations, and downloadable resources, the course enables the integration of HLCPM into daily interactions, addressing both surface behaviours and underlying neurobiological roots.
Discover what’s possible—from reducing reactivity to building trust and enhancing well-being. Sign up now for advanced techniques, case studies, and a complete framework for holistic behaviour modification.
For Academics and Researchers: Let’s Collaborate
The integration of systems thinking, neurobiology, and behavioural science in canine psychology is a developing field ripe for exploration. Researchers, behaviourists, and academics are invited to engage in dialogue about the White Pathway, the roles of glucose and dopamine in impulse control, and the broader implications of the CLD framework.
Together, we can expand the understanding of impulse control—whether through collaborative research, presentations, or academic discussion. I am eager to connect with others passionate about advancing this crucial aspect of canine behavioural science.
Get Started Now
Explore downloadable guides on our website, offering further insights into HLCPM principles, Causal Loop Diagrams, and co-regulation techniques. These resources provide a starting point for implementing the principles discussed, enabling actionable steps toward meaningful behavioural change.
The journey to better impulse control in dogs begins here—whether through focused training, professional development, or academic collaboration. Let’s reimagine what’s possible.
Reference List:
1 - Charlotte, Robinson., Alice, Torjussen. (2020). Canine Co-design: Investigating Buttons as an Input Modality for Dogs. 1673-1685. doi: 10.1145/3357236.3395462
2 - Elizabeth, Walsh., Lieve, Meers., William, Ellery, Samuels., Dorien, Boonen., Anita, Claus., Carolina, Duarte-Gan., Vicky, Stevens., Laura, Contalbrigo., Simona, Normando. (2024). Human-dog communication: how body language and non-verbal cues are key to clarity in dog directed play, petting and hugging behaviour by humans. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2024.106206
3 - Mariam, Fraser. (2019). 1. Dog words – or, How to think without language:. The Sociological Review, doi: 10.1177/0038026119830911
4 - Wendol, Williams., Jon, E., Grant., Catharine, A., Winstanley., Marc, N., Potenza. (2007). 1. Current Concepts in the Classification, Treatment, and Modeling of Pathological Gambling and Other Impulse Control Disorders. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-373861-5.00029-1
5 - Dan, J., Stein., Eric, Hollander., Michael, R., Liebowitz. (1992). 2. Neurobiology of impulsivity and the impulse control disorders. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, doi: 10.1176/JNP.5.1.9
6 - Kai-Lin, Huang., Shih-Jen, Tsai. (2013). 4. The importance of measuring impulsiveness in patients with addiction problems.. Journal of The Chinese Medical Association, doi: 10.1016/J.JCMA.2012.10.003
7 - Allison, R., Bechard., Shannon, McElderry. (2023). Environmental interventions reduced repetitive behaviour in a mouse model Physiology and behaviour. Physiology & behaviour, 114386-114386. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114386
8 - Katriina, Tiira. (2019). Resilience In Dogs? Lessons From Other Species.. Veterinary Medicine : Research and Reports, 10:159-168. doi: 10.2147/VMRR.S189566
9 - Eilidh, Mackay., Helen, Zulch., Daniel, S., Mills. (2023). Trait-Level Resilience in Pet Dogs—Development of the Lincoln Canine Adaptability Resilience Scale (L-CARS). Animals, 13(5):859-859. doi: 10.3390/ani13050859
10 - Mohammad, S., Razavi., Ebrahim, Shirani., Mohammad, Reza, Salimpour., Ghassan, S., Kassab. (2014). Constructal law of vascular trees for facilitation of flow.. PLOS ONE, 9(12) doi: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0116260
11 - André, Nieoullon., Antoine, Coquerel. (2003). 2. Dopamine: a key regulator to adapt action, emotion, motivation and cognition. Current Opinion in Neurology, doi: 10.1097/00019052-200312002-00002
12 - Helena, Jorge., Isabel, Duarte., Sandra, Paiva., Ana, Paula, Relvas., Miguel, Castelo-Branco. (2022). Abnormal Responses in Cognitive Impulsivity Circuits Are Associated with Glycosylated Hemoglobin Trajectories in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Impaired Metabolic Control. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal, 46(6):866-878. doi: 10.4093/dmj.2021.0307
13 - Hendrik, Hartmann., Hendrik, Hartmann., Larissa, Pauli., Larissa, Pauli., Lieneke, Janssen., Lieneke, Janssen., Sebastian, Huhn., Sebastian, Huhn., Uta, Ceglarek., Annette, Horstmann. (2019). Differences in intake of high-fat high-sugar diet are related to variations in central dopamine in humans. bioRxiv, 839647-. doi: 10.1101/839647
14 - Thiago F. A. França & Sabine Pompeia, 2022, Reappraising the role of dopamine in adolescent risk-taking behaviour. doi: 10.31234/osf.io/zmuxn
15 - Paul M. Salmon, Neville A. Stanton, Guy H. Walker, Adam Hulme, Natassia Goode, Jason Thompson, Gemma J. M. Read (2022). Causal Loop Diagrams (CLDs). Page 157-180. doi: 10.1201/9780429281624-11
16 - H., Willem, Geert, Phaff., Jill, H., Slinger. (2006). Visualising the Effects of Non-linearity by Creating Dynamic Causal Diagrams.
17 - Harya, Widiputra., Elliana, Gautama., Marsudi, Kisworo. (2017). 2. Non-linear modeling of variables relationship in multiple time-series data with extended dynamic interaction network. doi: 10.1109/SIET.2017.8304147
18 - H., Willem, Geert, Phaff., Jill, H., Slinger. (2006). Visualising the Effects of Non-linearity by Creating Dynamic Causal Diagrams.
19 - Raoul, Huys., Raoul, Huys., Viktor, K., Jirsa. (2013). Nonlinear Dynamics in Human behaviour. 328(1):224-224. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-16262-6
20 - Catharina, C., Probst., Thilo, van, Eimeren. (2013). 1. The Functional Anatomy of Impulse Control Disorders. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, doi: 10.1007/S11910-013-0386-8
21 - Dan, J., Stein., Eric, Hollander., Michael, R., Liebowitz. (1992). Neurobiology of impulsivity and the impulse control disorders. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 5(1):9-17. doi: 10.1176/JNP.5.1.9
22 - Stefano, Pallanti., Nicolò, Baldini, Rossi., Jennifer, Friedberg., Eric, Hollander. (2003). 4. Psychobiology of Impulse‐Control Disorders Not Otherwise Specified (NOS). doi: 10.1002/0470854871.CHXXV
23 - Hae Mee Shim, HeeJoon Park, Jin Soo Han,Donghyuck Lee(2022). study for the development and validation of a dog owner’s parenting behaviour scale. Korean journal of veterinary research, 62(3):e21-e21. doi: 10.14405/kjvr.20220011
24 - Arianna, Manzini., Rose, Mortimer., Ilina, Singh. (2017). 4. Parental Responsibility in the Context of Neuroscience and Genetics, by Kristien Hens, Daniela Cutas, and Dorothee Horstkötter. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2017. 246 pp.. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, doi: 10.1017/S0963180117000172
25 - I.R., van, Herwijnen. (2021). 2. Contribution to the Special Issue on Clinical Ethology: Educating dog owners: how owner–dog interactions can benefit from addressing the human caregiving system and dog-directed parenting styles. Behaviour, doi: 10.1163/1568539X-BJA10066
26 - Lynette, A., Hart., Mariko, Yamamoto. (2016). 5. Dogs as helping partners and companions for humans. doi: 10.1017/9781139161800.013
27 - Rebekah, Tweed, Fox., Nickie, Charles., Harriet, Smith., Mara, Miele. (2022). 1. ‘Imagine you are a Dog’: embodied learning in multi-species research. cultural geographies, doi: 10.1177/14744740221102907
28 - Giancarlo, Valentin. (2014). 2. Gestural activity recognition for canine-human communication. doi: 10.1145/2641248.2642733
29 - Dagmar, Schmauks. (2008). 4. Die Rolle der Zeichenmaterialität in Interaktionen zwischen Mensch und Tier.
30 - Marcello, Siniscalchi., Serenella, d’Ingeo., Michele, Minunno., Angelo, Quaranta. (2018). 5. Communication in Dogs. Open Access Journal, doi: 10.3390/ANI8080131
31 - Anna, Scandurra., Claudia, Pinelli., Barbara, Fierro., Anna, Di, Cosmo., Biagio, D'Aniello. (2020). 8. Multimodal signaling in the visuo-acoustic mismatch paradigm: similarities between dogs and children in the communicative approach. Animal Cognition, doi: 10.1007/S10071-020-01398-9
32 - Malte, Feja., Linda, Hayn., Michael, Koch. (2014). 3. Nucleus accumbens core and shell inactivation differentially affects impulsive behaviours in rats.. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, doi: 10.1016/J.PNPBP.2014.04.012
33 - Anna, Fahlgren. (2019). Impact of human caregiving style on the dog-human bond.
34 - Fabia, Eleonora, Banella., Edward, Z., Tronick. (2018). Mutual Regulation and Unique Forms of Implicit Relational Knowing. 35(3):67-76. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-04769-6_3
35 - Rebekah, Tweed, Fox., Nickie, Charles., Harriet, Smith., Mara, Miele. (2022). 3. ‘Imagine you are a Dog’: embodied learning in multi-species research. cultural geographies, doi: 10.1177/14744740221102907
36 - Kathryn, M., Rothenhoefer., Tao, Hong., Aydin, Alikaya., William, R., Stauffer. (2019). Rare Rewards Amplify Dopamine Learning Responses. bioRxiv, 851709-. doi: 10.1101/851709
37 - Richard, Evans. (2015). 2. Reinforcement Learning in a Neurally Controlled Robot Using Dopamine Modulated STDP.. arXiv: Neural and Evolutionary Computing
38 - Kenji, Morita., Mieko, Morishima., Katsuyuki, Sakai., Yasuo, Kawaguchi. (2013). Dopaminergic Control of Motivation and Reinforcement Learning: A Closed-Circuit Account for Reward-Oriented behaviour. The Journal of Neuroscience, 33(20):8866-8890. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4614-12.2013
39 - Munir, Gunes, Kutlu., Jennifer, Tat., Brooke, A., Christensen., Jennifer, E., Zachry., Erin, S., Calipari. (2023). 5. Dopamine release at the time of a predicted aversive outcome causally controls the trajectory and expression of conditioned behaviour. Cell Reports, doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112948
40 - Isa, Ibrahim, Mohammed., Ibrahim, Isa, Adamu., Seni, James, Barka. (2019). Mathematical Model for the Dynamics of Glucose, Insulin and β-Cell Mass under the Effect of Trauma, Excitement and Stress. 09(04):71-96. doi: 10.4236/MNSMS.2019.94005
41 - Hagit, Cohen., Nitzan, Kozlovsky., N., Savion., Michael, A., Matar., Uri, Loewenthal., N., Loewenthal., Joseph, Zohar., Zeev, Kaplan. (2009). An association between stress-induced disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and disordered glucose metabolism in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder.. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 21(11):898-909. doi: 10.1111/J.1365-2826.2009.01913.X
42 - Michael, A., Smith., Jonathan, K., Foster., Leigh, M., Riby. (2012). Carbohydrates, glucose and cognitive performance. 139-157.
43 - P., Justin, Rossi., Aysegul, Gunduz., Michael, S., Okun. (2015). 2. The Subthalamic Nucleus, Limbic Function, and Impulse Control. Neuropsychology Review, doi: 10.1007/S11065-015-9306-9
44 - Hio-Been, Han., Hee-Sup, Shin., Yong, Jeong., Jisoo, Kim., Jee, Hyun, Choi. (2023). 1. Dynamic switching of neural oscillations in the prefrontal-amygdala circuit for naturalistic freeze-or-flight.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, doi: 10.1073/pnas.2308762120
45 - Christina, Devereaux. (2017). 3. An Interview with Dr. Stephen W. Porges. American Journal of Dance Therapy, doi: 10.1007/S10465-017-9252-6
46 - Wendol, Williams., Marc, N., Potenza. (2007). Neurobiologia dos transtornos do controle do impulso The neurobiology of impulse control disorders.
47 - Nico, H., Frijda., K., Richard, Ridderinkhof., Erik, Rietveld. (2014). 3. Impulsive action: Emotional impulses and their control. Frontiers in Psychology, doi: 10.3389/FPSYG.2014.00518
48 - Jon, E., Grant., Christopher, B., Donahue., Brian, L., Odlaug. (2010). Comprar Overcoming Impulse Control Problems A Cognitive-behavioural Therapy Program, Workbook | Jon E. Grant | 9780199738809 | Oxford University Press.
49 - Claire, Lorraine, Corridan., Susan, E., Dawson., Siobhan, Mullan. (2024). 1. Potential Benefits of a ‘Trauma-Informed Care’ Approach to Improve the Assessment and Management of Dogs Presented with Anxiety Disorders. Animals, doi: 10.3390/ani14030459
50 - John, Nassour., Gordon, Cheng. (2011). 2. Cognitive Development Through a Neurologically-Based Learning Framework.
Comentários